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The racial policy of Nazi Germany included policies and laws implemented in Nazi Germany (1933–45) based on a specific racist doctrine asserting the superiority of the Aryan race, which claimed scientific legitimacy. This was combined with a eugenics programme that aimed for racial hygiene by compulsory sterilization and extermination of the ''Untermenschen'' ("sub-humans"), which eventually culminated in the Holocaust. Nazi policies labeled Jews, Romani people, ethnic Poles, Slavs, Serbs, and persons of color as inferior non-Aryan subhumans in a racial hierarchy that placed the ''Herrenvolk'' ("master race") of the ''Volksgemeinschaft'' ("national community") at the top.〔''Operation Barbarossa: Ideology and Ethics against Human Dignity'', by André Mineau, (Rodopi, 2004) page 180〕〔 Jews were at the bottom of the hierarchy, considered inhuman and thus unworthy of life.〔''The Czechs under Nazi Rule: The Failure of National Resistance, 1939–1942'', Vojtěch Mastný, Columbia University Press 〕〔Historical Dictionary of the Holocaust - Page 175 Jack R. Fischel - 2010 The policy of Lebensraum was also the product of Nazi racial ideology, which held that the Slavic peoples of the east were inferior to the Aryan race.〕〔''Hitler's Home Front: Wurttemberg Under the Nazis'', Jill Stephenson p. 135, Other non-'Aryans' included Slavs, Blacks and Roma .〕〔Race Relations Within Western Expansion - Page 98 Alan J. Levine - 1996 Preposterously, Central European Aryan theorists, and later the Nazis, would insist that the Slavic-speaking peoples were not really Aryans〕〔The Politics of Fertility in Twentieth-Century Berlin - Page 118 Annette F. Timm - 2010 The Nazis' singleminded desire to "purify" the German race through the elimination of non-Aryans (particularly Jews, Gypsies, and Slavs)〕〔''The Making of the Slavs: History and Archaeology of the Lower Danube Region'', (Cambridge University Press, 2001) page 9, 26–30 By Florin Curta〕〔Jerry Bergman, "Eugenics and the Development of Nazi Race Policy", ''Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith'' PSCF 44 (June 1992):109–124〕〔Götz Aly, Peter Chroust, Christian Pross, ''Cleansing the Fatherland: Nazi Medicine and Racial Hygiene'', The Johns Hopkins University Press, (August 1, 1994 :) ISBN 0-8018-4824-5〕〔The Holocaust and History The Known, the Unknown, the Disputed, and the Reexamined Edited by Michael Berenbaum and Abraham J. Peck, Indiana University Press page 59"Pseudoracial policy of Third Reich(...)Gypsies, Slavs, blacks, Mischlinge, and Jews are not Aryans."〕〔''Honorary Aryans: National-Racial Identity and Protected Jews in the Independent State of Croatia'' Nevenko Bartulin Palgrave Macmilla, Nevenko Bartulin - 2013 page 7- "According to Jareb, the National Socialists regarded the Slavs as 'racially less valuable' non-Aryans"〕〔Nazi Germany,Richard Tames - 1985 -"Hitler's vision of a Europe dominated by a Nazi "Herrenvolk" in which Slavs and other "non-aryans"〕〔Modern Genocide: The Definitive Resource and Document Collection Paul R. Bartrop, Steven Leonard Jacobs page 1160, "This strict dualism between the "racially pure" Aryans and all others—especially Jews and Slavs—led in Nazism to the radical outlawing of all "non-Aryans" and to their enslavement and attempted annihilation"〕〔World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1 Cyprian Blamires page 63 "the "racially pure" Aryans and all others—especially Jews and Slavs— led in Nazism to the radical outlawing of all "non-Aryans" and to their enslavement and attempted annihilation〕〔The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery, Volume 1; Volume 7 By Junius P. Rodriguez page 464〕〔Emil L. Fackenheim: A Jewish Philosopher's Response to the Holocaust David Patterson, page 23〕〔Historical Dictionary of the Holocaust Jack R. Fischel - 2010 ''Lebensraum was also the product of Nazi racial ideology, which held that the Slavic peoples of the east were inferior to the Aryan race''〕 ==Basis of Nazi policies and constitution of the Aryan Master Race== The Aryan Master Race conceived by the Nazis graded humans on a scale of pure Aryan to non-Aryan (who were viewed as subhumans).〔Norman Davies. Europe at War 1939–1945: No Simple Victory. Pp. 167.〕 At the top of the scale of pure Aryans included Germans and other Germanic peoples including the Dutch, Scandinavians, and the English,〔 as well as other peoples such as the Italians and the French who were said to have a suitable admixture of Germanic blood.〔Norman Davies. Europe at War 1939–1945: No Simple Victory. Pp. 44.〕 The feeling that Germans were the Aryan ''Herrenvolk'' (Aryan master race) was widely spread among the German public through Nazi propaganda and among Nazi officials throughout the ranks, in particular when Reichskommissariat Ukraine Erich Koch said: The Nazis considered the Slavs as Non-Aryan ''Untermenschen'' ("sub-humans") who were to be enslaved and exterminated by Germans.〔 Slavic nations such as the Ukrainians, Czechs, Slovaks, Bulgarians and Croats who collaborated with Nazi Germany were still being perceived as not racially "pure" enough to reach the status of Germanic peoples, they were eventually considered ethnically better than the rest of the Slavs, mostly due to pseudoscientific theories about these nations having a considerable admixture of Germanic blood. In countries where these people lived, there were according to Nazis small groups of non-Slavic German descendants. These people underwent a "racial selection" process to determine whether or not they were "racially valuable", if the individual passed they would be re-Germanised and forcefully taken from their families in order to be raised as Germans.〔Norman Davies. Europe at War 1939–1945: No Simple Victory. Pp. 167, 209.〕 The secret plan Generalplan Ost ("Master Plan East") aimed at expulsion, enslavement and extermination of most Slavic people. Nazis policy towards them changed during World War II as a pragmatic means to resolve military manpower shortages allowed them with certain restrictions to serve in the Waffen-SS, in spite of them being considered subhumans.〔 Nazi propaganda portrayed people in Eastern Europe with an Asiatic appearance to be the result of intermingling between the native Slavic populations and Asiatic or Mongolian races as sub-humans dominated by the Jews with the help of Bolshevism. At the bottom of the racial scale of non-Aryans were Jews, Slavic people, Romani, and blacks.〔Simone Gigliotti, Berel Lang. ''The Holocaust: A Reader''. Malden, Massachusetts, USA; Oxford, England, UK; Carlton, Victoria, Australia: Blackwell Publishing, 2005. Pp. 14.〕 The Nazis originally sought to rid the German state of Jews and Romani by means of emigration, while blacks were to be segregated and eventually eliminated through compulsory sterilization.〔〔"Hitler's Home Front: Wurttemberg Under the Nazis" Jill Stephenson page 113 " Other non-'Aryans' included Slavs, Blacks and Roma and Sinti (Romanies)"〕 Volkisch theorists believed that Germany’s Teutonic ancestors had spread out from Germany throughout Europe.〔George Victor. ''Hitler: The Pathology of Evil''. Washington, DC, USA: Potomac Books, Inc, 2007. Pp. 117.〕 Of the German tribes that spread through Europe, the theorists identified that the Burgundians, Franks, and Western Goths joined with the Gauls to make France; the Lombards moved south and joined with the Italians; the Jutes made Denmark; the Angles and Saxons made England; the Flemings made Belgium; and other tribes made the Netherlands.〔 Nazi racial beliefs of the superiority of an Aryan master race arose from earlier proponents of a supremacist conception of race such as Arthur de Gobineau, who published a four-volume work titled ''An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races'' (translated into German in 1897).〔Aly, Götz (2014). Why the Germans? Why the Jews? Envy, Race Hatred, and the Prehistory of the Holocaust., p.154〕 Gobineau proposed that the Aryan race was superior, and urged the preservation of its cultural and racial purity.〔Evans, Richard J. (2003). The Coming of the Third Reich, p.33〕 Gobineau later came to use and reserve the term Aryan only for the "German race" and described the Aryans as 'la race germanique'.〔The Cambridge Companion to Tacitus Page 294 A. J. Woodman - 2009 The white race was defined as beautiful, honourable and destined to rule; are 'cette illustre famille humaine, la plus noble'.74 Originally a linguistic term synonymous with Indo-European,7S 'Aryan' became, not least because of the Essai, the designation of a race, which Gobineau specified as 'la race germanique'〕 By doing so he presented a racist theory in which Aryans-that is Germans-were all that was positive〔So that the reader not be left in ignorance as to who the Aryans are, Gobineau stated . La race germanique était pourvue de toute l'énergie de la variété ariane. We see, then, that Gobineau presents a racist theory in which the Aryans, or Germans, are all that is good Comparative literature by American Comparative Literature Association.; Modern Language Association of America. Comparative Literature Section.; University of Oregon. 1967, page 342〕 Houston Stewart Chamberlain's work ''The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century'' (1900), one of the first to combine Social Darwinism with antisemitism, describes history as a struggle for survival between the Germanic peoples and the Jews, whom he characterized as an inferior and dangerous group.〔Evans, Richard J. (2003). The Coming of the Third Reich. New York, p.33-34〕 The two-volume book ''Foundations of Human Hereditary Teaching and Racial Hygiene'' (1920–21) by Eugen Fischer, Erwin Baur, and Fritz Lenz, used pseudoscientific studies to conclude that the Germans were superior to the Jews intellectually and physically, and recommended eugenics as a solution.〔Aly, Götz (2014). Why the Germans? Why the Jews? Envy, Race Hatred, and the Prehistory of the Holocaust, p.157〕 Madison Grant's work ''The Passing of the Great Race'' (1916) advocated Nordicism and proposed using a eugenic program to preserve the Nordic race. After reading the book, Hitler called it "my Bible".〔Kühl, Stefan (2002). Nazi Connection: Eugenics, American Racism, and German National Socialism, p.85.〕 Racist author and Nordic supremacist〔he Race Gallery: The Return of Racial Science Marek Kohn Vintage, 1996 page 48 pages〕 Hans F. K. Günther who influenced Nazi ideology, wrote in his "Race Lore of German People"(''Rassenkunde des deutschen Volkes'') about dangers of "Slavic blood of Eastern race" mixing with German oneR〔Racisms Made in Germany By Wulf D. Hund, Christian Koller, Moshe Zimmermann, page 19〕 and combined virulent nationalism with anti-semitism;〔Anti-Semitism and Schooling Under the Third Reich By Gregory Wegne page 14〕 Gunther became an epitome for corrupt and politicized pseudo-science in post-war Germany 〔Race, Color, Identity: Rethinking Discourses about "Jews" in the Twenty-first Century Efraim Sicher Berghahn Books, 15 May 2013〕 Among topics of his research,were attempts to prove that Jewish people had unpleasant "hereditary smell".〔IInventing the Jew: Antisemitic Stereotypes in Romanian and Other Central-East European Cultures Andrei Oisteanu U of Nebraska Press, 2009, page 68 -〕 While one of the most prominent Nazi writers, Gunther still wasn't considered the most "cutting edge" by Nazis〔Studying the Jew: Scholarly Antisemitism in Nazi Germany Alan E Steinweis, page 26〕 The July 1933 Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring—written by Ernst Rüdin and other theorists of "racial hygiene"—established "Genetic Health Courts" which decided on compulsory sterilization of "any person suffering from a hereditary disease." These included, for the Nazis, those suffering from "Congenital Mental Deficiency", schizophrenia, "Manic-Depressive Insanity", "Hereditary Epilepsy", "Hereditary Chorea" (Huntington’s), Hereditary Blindness, Hereditary Deafness, "any severe hereditary deformity", as well as "any person suffering from severe alcoholism".〔''The law for the prevention of hereditarily diseased offspring. (Approved translation of the "Gesetz zur Verhütung erbkranken Nachwuchses"). Enacted on July 14th, 1933. Published by Reichsausschuss für Volksgesundheitsdienst.'' (Berlin: Reichsdruckerei, 1935). (Official translation of the law into English)〕 Further modifications of the law enforced sterilization of the "Rhineland bastards" (children of mixed German and African parentage). The Nazi Party wanted to increase birthrates of those who were classified as racially elite. When the Party gained power in 1933, one of their first actions was to pass the Law for the Encouragement of Marriage. This law stated that all newly married couples of the Aryan race could receive a government loan. This loan was not simply paid back, rather a portion of it would be forgiven after the birth of each child. The purpose of this law was very clear and simple – to encourage newly weds to have as many children as they could, so that the Aryan population would grow.〔Maynes, Mary Jo., and Ann Beth. Waltner. "Powers of Life and Death." The Family: A World History. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2012. Pp. 103〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Racial policy of Nazi Germany」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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